The Fifth Circuit has determined that “extreme cruelty,” as required for VAWA cancellation of removal, is a mixed question of fact and law that a federal court has jurisdiction to review. The Court indicated review would be deferential as the determination is fact intensive.
The full text of Simantov v. Bondi can be found here:
https://www.ca5.uscourts.gov/opinions/pub/24/24-60487-CV0.pdf